Media Systems in Unrecognized States: “People’s Media” in “People’s Republics”

Автор(и)

  • Eugenia Kuznetsova Kyiv School of Economics

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21226/ewjus639

Ключові слова:

Ukraine, de facto states, media systems research

Анотація

This paper examines the media systems in the “Donetsk People’s Republic” and the “Luhansk People’s Republic,” both unrecognized states. After a conflict outbreak in 2014, the media landscape in the unrecognized republics acquired the features of an authoritarian media system. Employing qualitative methods (primary source analysis and in-depth interviews), the research explores a combination of instruments that pushed media into an authoritarian mode that entailed declarations of loyalty, severe vertical subordination, predominantly state ownership, and the designation of a military subdivision at the information frontline. Other decisive factors that allowed an authoritarian media system to be instated are the loyalty of the pre-existing media landscape to local authorities and oligarch media owners, the political isolation of the unrecognized republics, and the strong influence of the Russian information space.

Завантаження

Дані завантаження ще не доступні.

Посилання

Akhvlediani, Margarita. “The Fatal Flaw: The Media and the Russian Invasion of Georgia.” Small Wars and Insurgencies, vol. 20, no. 2, 2009, pp. 363–90. DOI: 10.1080/09592310902975497

Allison, Olivia. “Selective Enforcement and Irresponsibility: Central Asia’s Shrinking Space for Independent Media.” Central Asian Survey, vol. 25, nos. 1–2, March 2006, pp. 93–114. DOI: 10.1080/02634930600903072

Alvesson, Mats, and Stanley Deetz. Doing Critical Research. SAGE Publications, 2020.

Anceschi, Luca. “The Persistence of Media Control under Consolidated Authoritarianism: Containing Kazakhstan’s Digital Media.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, vol. 23, no. 3, 2015, pp. 277–95.

ARTV. “Kozitsyn o smerti Dremova.” YouTube, 12 Dec. 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atPYaUeOPN0. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Asia-Israel. Gazeta “Menora.” 2014, https://israel.co.il/gazeta-menora.html. Accessed 14 Oct. 2020.

Baglin, Zoé. Reconstructing the Separatist Narrative of the DPR: A Framing Analysis of the State-Run Online Media Outlet DNR-News. 2019. Leiden University, MA thesis, https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/81969. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Balčytienė, Auksė, et al. “Oligarchization, de-Westernization and Vulnerability: Media between Democracy and Authoritarianism in Central and Eastern Europe.” Tidsskrift for Medier, Erkendelse Og Formidling, vol. 3, no. 1, June 2015, https://tidsskrift.dk/mef-journal/article/view/28712. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Becker, Jonathan. “Lessons from Russia: A Neo-Authoritarian Media System.” European Journal of Communication, vol. 19, no. 2, June 2004, pp. 139–63. DOI: 10.1177/0267323104042908

Biloskurs'kyi, Orest. “Scho dyvliat'sia na ukrains'komu TB hliadachi z okupovanoho Donbasu.” Detektor Media, 2020, https://detector.media/rinok/article/176270/2020-04-10-shcho-dyvlyatsya-na-ukrainskomu-tb-glyadachi-z-okupovanogo-donbasu/. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Chania, Izida. “Abhaziia, dannaia nam v oshchushcheniiakh.” Ekho Kavkaza, 2019, https://www.ekhokavkaza.com/a/30264609.html. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Cheremnykh, Vira. “Iak ukraly ‘Kocheharku.’” Zhurnalist Ukrainy, vol. 7, no. 398, 2015, pp. 14–17.

Coffey, Amy Jo, and C. Ann Hollifield. “Qualitative Research in Media Management and Economics.” Handbook of Media Management and Economics, edited by Alan Albarran et al., 1st ed., Routledge, 2006, pp. 572–99.

Council of Europe. Legal Remedies to Human Rights Violations on the Ukrainian Territories Outside the Control of the Ukrainian Authorities. Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, 2016, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/d-ru/dv/dru_dua_20161214_08/dru_dua_20161214_08en.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Council of Europe. Zvit mizhnarodnoi doradchoi hrupy pro provedennia nahliadu za rozsliduvanniam podii v Odesi 2 travnia 2014 roku. Council of Europe: International Advisory Panel, 4 Nov. 2015, https://rm.coe.int/16804884cb. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

D’Anieri, Paul. “War, State and Society in Ukraine.” Eurasian Geography and Economics, vol. 60, no. 6, 2019, pp. 647–55. DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2019.1703200

Dan'kova, Nataliia. “LOT u vyhnanni.” Detektor Media, 2016, https://stv.detector.media/telebachennya/read/2300/2016-07-19-lot-u-vygnanni/. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Denisova, Anastasia. “Democracy, Protest and Public Sphere in Russia after the 2011–2012 Anti-Government Protests: Digital Media at Stake.” Media, Culture & Society, vol. 39, no. 7, 2017, pp. 976–94. DOI: 10.1177/0163443716682075

Denzin, Norman K., and Yvonna S. Lincoln. “Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research.” The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd ed., Sage Publications, 2005, pp. 1–32.

Detektor Media. “V Ukraini stanom na 2 travnia reformovano 594 drukovanykh ZMI ta redaktsii—Derzhkomteleradio.” Detektor Media, 16 May 2019, https://detector.media/infospace/article/167326/2019-05-16-v-ukraini-stanom-na-2-travnya-reformovano-594-drukovanikh-zmi-ta-redaktsii-derzhkomteleradio/. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

DNRTV. “DVB-Т2 - Tsifrovoe televidenie v DNR.” DNRTV, 2015, http://dnrtv.ru/dvb-t2-cifrovoe-televidenie-v-dnr.html. Accessed 22 Oct. 2020.

DNR. “Zakon Donetskoi Narodnoi Respubliki ‘O Sredstvakh Massovoi Informatsii.’” Ministerstvo informatsii DNR, 2015, http://mininfodnr.ru/zakon-donetskoj-narodnoj-respubliki-o-sredstvah-massovoj-informatsii/. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Evreiskaia obshchina Dnepra. “Kak zhivut bezhentsy, nashedshie priiut v evreiskoi obshschine.” Evreiskaia obshchina Dnepra, 2014, http://www.djc.com.ua/news/view/new/?id=12062. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Gerrits, Andre W. M., and Max Bader. “Russian Patronage over Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Implications for Conflict Resolution.” East European Politics, vol. 32, no. 3, 2016, pp. 297–313. DOI: 10.1080/21599165.2016.1166104

Gill, Graeme. “The Failure of Democracy in Russia.” Perspectives on European Politics and Society, vol. 3, no. 2, 2002, pp. 169–97. DOI:10.1080/15705850208438833

Golos respubliki. Chislo oformlennykh podpisok zhiteliami DNR na periodicheskie izdaniia za god uvelichilos' bolee chem na tret'. Golos respubliki, 2018, http://golos-dnr.ru/?info55=39981&lang=. Accessed 15 Oct. 2020.

Gorlovka.Today. “Glavnyi redaktor pechatnogo izdaniia ‘Gorlovka.Segodnia.’” YouTube, 30 April 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vca02C8WHic. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

informatsii.” Ofitsial'nyi portal pravovoi informatsii, 1995, http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102013812. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

GTRK LNR. “Perechen' telekanalov GSUP GTRK LNR.” Gosudarstvennaia televizionnaia i radioveshchatel'naia kompaniia Luganskoi Narodnoi Respubliki, 2019, https://gtrklnr.com/perechen-telekanalov-gsup-gtrk-lnr/. Accessed 15 Oct. 2020.

Gravetter, Frederick, and Lori-Ann Forzano. Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences. Thomson Wadsworth, 2003.

Hallin, Daniel C. “Typology of Media Systems.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, Oxford UP, 2016, pp. 1–17.

Hallin, Daniel C., and Paolo Mancini. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge UP, 2004.

Hutchison, Marc L. “Tolerating Threat? The Independent Effects of Civil Conflict on Domestic Political Tolerance.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 58, no. 5, 2014, pp. 796–824. DOI:10.1177/0022002713478566

Iastrebova, Vera, et al. SMI i propaganda RF v ORDLO. Vostochnaia pravozashchitnaia gruppa, 2019, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wdlSKyjOxG1sU3Scw3Ngw8X_k_GfLXE1/view. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.

Instytut masovoi informatsii (IMI). “Doslidzhennia IMI: Na saitakh t. zv. ‘LNR’ ta ‘DNR’ pro samoproholoshenu vladu—lyshe khoroshe, pro ukrains'ku vladu—lyshe pohane.” Instytut masovoi informatsii, 23 Feb. 2017, https://imi.org.ua/monitorings/doslidzhennya-imi-na-sajtah-t-zv-lnr-ta-dnr-pro-samoproholoshenu-vladu-lyshe-horoshe-pro-ukrajinsku-i28408. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Instytut masovoi informatsii (IMI). “Doslidzhennia media-sytuatsii na skhodi i pivdni Ukrainy: Donets'ka oblast'.” Instytut masovoi informatsii, 11 March 2016, https://imi.org.ua/articles/doslidjennya-media-situatsiji-na-shodi-i-pivdni-ukrajini-donetska-oblast-i545.

Instytut masovoi informatsii (IMI). “Doslidzhennia media-sytuatsii na skhodi i pivdni Ukrainy: Luhans'ka oblast'.” Instytut masovoi informatsii, 18 March 2016, https://imi.org.ua/articles/doslidjennya-media-situatsiji-na-shodi-i-pivdni-ukrajini-luganska-oblast-i533. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Instytut masovoi informatsii (IMI). “Doslidzhennia sytuatsii v media pivdnia ta skhodu Ukrainy za sichen'-serpen' 2019 roku—Analitychnyi zvit.” Instytut masovoi informatsii, 24 Sept. 2019, https://imi.org.ua/monitorings/doslidzhennya-sytuatsiyi-v-media-pivdnya-ta-shodu-ukrayiny-za-sichen-serpen-2019-roku-analitychnyj-i29709. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Kambana. Donetskoe obshchestvo grekov im. F. Stambulzhi, 2014, http://donellas.ru/ru/page/kambana. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Krasovs'ka, Zoіa. “Khto vplyvaie na Donets'ki ZMI?” Instytut masovoi informatsii, 25 April 2017, https://imi.org.ua/articles/hto-vplivae-na-donetski-zmi-i156. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Kvale, Steinar, and Svend Brinkmann. Interviews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing. Sage, 2009.

Lennon, Olena, and Gregory Adams. "All Is Quiet on the Russian Front: Ceasefires and the Pursuit of Legitimacy by Self-Proclaimed 'Republics' in Ukraine." Eurasian Geography and Economics, vol. 60, no. 6, 2019, pp. 656–83. DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2019.1645032.

Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. “Elections without Democracy: The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy, vol. 13, no. 2, 2002, pp. 51–65. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2002.0026.

Lipman, Maria. “Russia’s Nongovernmental Media under Assault.” Demokratizatsiya, vol. 22, no. 2, 2014, pp. 179–90.

Lipman, Masha, and Michael McFaul. “‘Managed Democracy’ in Russia.” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, vol. 6, no. 3, 2001, pp. 116–27. DOI: 10.1177/108118001129172260

LNR. “Zakon o sredstvakh massovoi informatsii.” Narodnyi Sovet LNR, 2014, https://nslnr.su/zakonodatelstvo/normativno-pravovaya-baza/906/.

Manaev, Oleg. “Media in Post-Soviet Belarus: Between Democratization and Reinforcing Authoritarianism.” Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, vol. 22, no. 2, 2014, pp. 207–29.

Maréchal, Nathalie. “Networked Authoritarianism and the Geopolitics of Information: Understanding Russian Internet Policy.” Media and Communication, vol. 5, no. 1, 2017, pp. 29–41. DOI:10.17645/mac.v5i1.808

Ministerstvo informatsii DNR. “Igor' Antipov pozdravil zhurnalistov s professional'nym prazdnikom.” Ministerstvo informatsii DNR, 2018, http://mininfodnr.ru/igor-antipov-pozdravil-zhurnalistov-s-professionalnym-prazdnikom/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Ministerstvo informatsii DNR. “Podvedomstvennye predpriiatiia.” Ministerstvo informatsii DNR, 2019, http://mininfodnr.ru/podvedomstvennye-predpriyatiya/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Ministerstvo informatsii DNR. “Soiuz zhurnalistov DNR skorbit v sviazi s gibel'iu Aleksandra Zakharchenko.” Ministerstvo informatsii DNR, 2018, http://mininfodnr.ru/soyuz-zhurnalistov-dnr-skorbit-v-svyazi-s-gibelyu-aleksandra-zaharchenko/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Ministerstvo sviazi i massovykh kommunikatsii LNR. “Podvedomstvennye predpriiatiia.” Ministerstvo sviazi i massovykh kommunikatsii LNR, 2019, https://mslnr.su/gup.html. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Mitrokhin, Nikolay. “Infiltration, Instruction, Invasion: Russia’s War in the Donbass 1.” Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, vol. 1, no. 1, 2015, pp. 219–39.

Mostova, Iuliia, et al. “Test na sumisnist'.” Dzerkalo tyzhnya, 9 Nov. 2019, https://zn.ua/ukr/internal/test-na-sumisnist-329032_.html. Accessed 21 June 2022.

Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. “Freedom without Impartiality. The Vicious Circle of Media Capture.” Media Transformations in the Post-Communist World: Eastern Europe’s Tortured Path to Change, edited by Peter Gross and Karol Jakubowicz, Lexington Books, 2013, pp. 33–49.

Munteanu, Nicoleta Annemarie. “Consideration on Mass-Media in Transnistria.” Studia Securitatis, vol. 2, no. 2, 2017, pp. 134–47.

Narodnyi Sovet LNR. “Iurov Iurii Pavlovich.” Narodnyi Sovet LNR, 2017, https://nslnr.su/about/deputati/508/. Accessed [provide last access date]

Oates, Sarah. “The Neo-Soviet Model of the Media.” Europe - Asia Studies, vol. 59, no. 8, 2007, pp. 1279–97. DOI: 10.1080/09668130701655150

OHCHR. Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine: 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018, OHCHR 2018, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ReportUkraineNov2017-Feb2018_EN.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2022.

OHCHR. Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine: 16 May to 15 August 2019. OHCHR, 2019. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ReportUkraine16May-15Aug2019_EN.pdf.

Ostini, Jennifer, and Anthony Y. H. Ostini. “Beyond the Four Theories of the Press: A New Model of National Media Systems.” Mass Communication and Society, vol. 5, no. 1, 2002, pp. 41–56. DOI: 10.1207/s15327825mcs0501_4.

Pochta Donbassa. “Katalog zarubezhnykh periodicheskikh izdanii na 1-e polugodie 2020 goda.” Pochta Donbassa, 2019, https://postdonbass.com/katalog-zarubezhnyh-periodicheskih-izdaniy-na-pervoe-polugodie-2020-elektronnaya-versiya. Accessed 14 Oct. 2020.

Pochta Donbassa. “Respublikanskii katalog periodicheskikh pechatnykh izdanii 2020.” Pochta Donbassa, 2019, https://postdonbass.com/respublikanskiy-katalog-periodicheskih-pechatnyh-izdaniy-2020. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Pochta LNR. “Katalog periodicheskikh izdanii RF 2019 god. (2-e polugodie).” Pochta LNR, 2019, https://pochta-lnr.ru/uslugi/podpiska/?active=toRs. Accessed 14 Oct. 2020.

Pochta Rossii. Podpiska Onlain. 2019, https://podpiska.pochta.ru/alphabet/А. Accessed [provide last access date]

Qu, Sandy Q., and John Dumay. “The Qualitative Research Interview.” Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, vol. 8, no. 3, 2011, pp. 238–64. DOI: 10.1108/11766091111162070

Respublika Abkhaziia. “Zakon o sredstvakh massovoi informatsii Respubliki Abkhaziia).” Prezident Respubliki Abkhaziia, 2015, http://presidentofabkhazia.org/upload/iblock/f18/O-sredstvakh-massovoy-informatsii-Respubliki-Abkhaziya.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Rovenki Media. 2020, http://rovenkismi.com.ua/news.php. Accessed 14 Oct. 2020.

Rozkladai, Ihor. “Suspil'ne movlennia Ukrainy: Problema zabezpechennia finansovoi nezalezhnosti.” Tsentr demokratii ta verkhovenstva prava, 31 Jan. 2019, https://cedem.org.ua/analytics/suspilne-movlennya-ukrayiny-problema-zabezpechennya-finansovoyi-nezalezhnosti/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Sadekov, A., and V. Bradov. Upravlenie predpriiatiiami pechatnykh SMI: Marketingovyi podkhod. Donetskii gosudarstvennyi universitet ekonomiki i torgovli im. M. Tugan-Baranovskogo, 2006.

Siebert, Fred, et al. Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do. Illinois UP, 1956.

Akhvlediani, Margarita. “The Fatal Flaw: The Media and the Russian Invasion of Georgia.” Small Wars and Insurgencies, vol. 20, no. 2, 2009, pp. 363–90. DOI: 10.1080/09592310902975497

Allison, Olivia. “Selective Enforcement and Irresponsibility: Central Asia’s Shrinking Space for Independent Media.” Central Asian Survey, vol. 25, nos. 1–2, March 2006, pp. 93–114. DOI: 10.1080/02634930600903072

Alvesson, Mats, and Stanley Deetz. Doing Critical Research. SAGE Publications, 2020.

Anceschi, Luca. “The Persistence of Media Control under Consolidated Authoritarianism: Containing Kazakhstan’s Digital Media.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, vol. 23, no. 3, 2015, pp. 277–95.

ARTV. “Kozitsyn o smerti Dremova.” YouTube, 12 Dec. 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atPYaUeOPN0. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Asia-Israel. Gazeta “Menora.” 2014, https://israel.co.il/gazeta-menora.html. Accessed 14 Oct. 2020.

Baglin, Zoé. Reconstructing the Separatist Narrative of the DPR: A Framing Analysis of the State-Run Online Media Outlet DNR-News. 2019. Leiden University, MA thesis, https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/81969. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Balčytienė, Auksė, et al. “Oligarchization, de-Westernization and Vulnerability: Media between Democracy and Authoritarianism in Central and Eastern Europe.” Tidsskrift for Medier, Erkendelse Og Formidling, vol. 3, no. 1, June 2015, https://tidsskrift.dk/mef-journal/article/view/28712. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Becker, Jonathan. “Lessons from Russia: A Neo-Authoritarian Media System.” European Journal of Communication, vol. 19, no. 2, June 2004, pp. 139–63. DOI: 10.1177/0267323104042908

Biloskurs'kyi, Orest. “Scho dyvliat'sia na ukrains'komu TB hliadachi z okupovanoho Donbasu.” Detektor Media, 2020, https://detector.media/rinok/article/176270/2020-04-10-shcho-dyvlyatsya-na-ukrainskomu-tb-glyadachi-z-okupovanogo-donbasu/. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Chania, Izida. “Abhaziia, dannaia nam v oshchushcheniiakh.” Ekho Kavkaza, 2019, https://www.ekhokavkaza.com/a/30264609.html. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Cheremnykh, Vira. “Iak ukraly ‘Kocheharku.’” Zhurnalist Ukrainy, vol. 7, no. 398, 2015, pp. 14–17.

Coffey, Amy Jo, and C. Ann Hollifield. “Qualitative Research in Media Management and Economics.” Handbook of Media Management and Economics, edited by Alan Albarran et al., 1st ed., Routledge, 2006, pp. 572–99.

Council of Europe. Legal Remedies to Human Rights Violations on the Ukrainian Territories Outside the Control of the Ukrainian Authorities. Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, 2016, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/d-ru/dv/dru_dua_20161214_08/dru_dua_20161214_08en.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

—. Zvit mizhnarodnoi doradchoi hrupy pro provedennia nahliadu za rozsliduvanniam podii v Odesi 2 travnia 2014 roku. Council of Europe: International Advisory Panel, 4 Nov. 2015, https://rm.coe.int/16804884cb. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

D’Anieri, Paul. “War, State and Society in Ukraine.” Eurasian Geography and Economics, vol. 60, no. 6, 2019, pp. 647–55. DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2019.1703200

Dan'kova, Nataliia. “LOT u vyhnanni.” Detektor Media, 2016, https://stv.detector.media/telebachennya/read/2300/2016-07-19-lot-u-vygnanni/. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Denisova, Anastasia. “Democracy, Protest and Public Sphere in Russia after the 2011–2012 Anti-Government Protests: Digital Media at Stake.” Media, Culture & Society, vol. 39, no. 7, 2017, pp. 976–94. DOI: 10.1177/0163443716682075

Denzin, Norman K., and Yvonna S. Lincoln. “Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research.” The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd ed., Sage Publications, 2005, pp. 1–32.

Detektor Media. “V Ukraini stanom na 2 travnia reformovano 594 drukovanykh ZMI ta redaktsii—Derzhkomteleradio.” Detektor Media, 16 May 2019, https://detector.media/infospace/article/167326/2019-05-16-v-ukraini-stanom-na-2-travnya-reformovano-594-drukovanikh-zmi-ta-redaktsii-derzhkomteleradio/. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

DNRTV. “DVB-Т2 - Tsifrovoe televidenie v DNR.” DNRTV, 2015, http://dnrtv.ru/dvb-t2-cifrovoe-televidenie-v-dnr.html. Accessed 22 Oct. 2020.

DNR. “Zakon Donetskoi Narodnoi Respubliki ‘O Sredstvakh Massovoi Informatsii.’” Ministerstvo informatsii DNR, 2015, http://mininfodnr.ru/zakon-donetskoj-narodnoj-respubliki-o-sredstvah-massovoj-informatsii/. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Evreiskaia obshchina Dnepra. “Kak zhivut bezhentsy, nashedshie priiut v evreiskoi obshschine.” Evreiskaia obshchina Dnepra, 2014, http://www.djc.com.ua/news/view/new/?id=12062. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Gerrits, Andre W. M., and Max Bader. “Russian Patronage over Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Implications for Conflict Resolution.” East European Politics, vol. 32, no. 3, 2016, pp. 297–313. DOI: 10.1080/21599165.2016.1166104

Gill, Graeme. “The Failure of Democracy in Russia.” Perspectives on European Politics and Society, vol. 3, no. 2, 2002, pp. 169–97. DOI:10.1080/15705850208438833

Golos respubliki. Chislo oformlennykh podpisok zhiteliami DNR na periodicheskie izdaniia za god uvelichilos' bolee chem na tret'. Golos respubliki, 2018, http://golos-dnr.ru/?info55=39981&lang=. Accessed 15 Oct. 2020.

Gorlovka.Today. “Glavnyi redaktor pechatnogo izdaniia ‘Gorlovka.Segodnia.’” YouTube, 30 April 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vca02C8WHic. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

Gosudarstvennaia Duma. “Zakon Rossiiskoi Federatsii o sredstvakh massovoi informatsii.” Ofitsial'nyi portal pravovoi informatsii, 1995, http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102013812. Accessed 10 Jan. 2022.

GTRK LNR. “Perechen' telekanalov GSUP GTRK LNR.” Gosudarstvennaia televizionnaia i radioveshchatel'naia kompaniia Luganskoi Narodnoi Respubliki, 2019, https://gtrklnr.com/perechen-telekanalov-gsup-gtrk-lnr/. Accessed 15 Oct. 2020.

Gravetter, Frederick, and Lori-Ann Forzano. Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences. Thomson Wadsworth, 2003.

Hallin, Daniel C. “Typology of Media Systems.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, Oxford UP, 2016, pp. 1–17.

Hallin, Daniel C., and Paolo Mancini. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge UP, 2004.

Hutchison, Marc L. “Tolerating Threat? The Independent Effects of Civil Conflict on Domestic Political Tolerance.” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 58, no. 5, 2014, pp. 796–824. DOI:10.1177/0022002713478566

Iastrebova, Vera, et al. SMI i propaganda RF v ORDLO. Vostochnaia pravozashchitnaia gruppa, 2019, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wdlSKyjOxG1sU3Scw3Ngw8X_k_GfLXE1/view. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.

Instytut masovoi informatsii (IMI). “Doslidzhennia IMI: Na saitakh t. zv. ‘LNR’ ta ‘DNR’ pro samoproholoshenu vladu—lyshe khoroshe, pro ukrains'ku vladu—lyshe pohane.” Instytut masovoi informatsii, 23 Feb. 2017, https://imi.org.ua/monitorings/doslidzhennya-imi-na-sajtah-t-zv-lnr-ta-dnr-pro-samoproholoshenu-vladu-lyshe-horoshe-pro-ukrajinsku-i28408. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

—. “Doslidzhennia media-sytuatsii na skhodi i pivdni Ukrainy: Donets'ka oblast'.” Instytut masovoi informatsii, 11 March 2016, https://imi.org.ua/articles/doslidjennya-media-situatsiji-na-shodi-i-pivdni-ukrajini-donetska-oblast-i545.

—. “Doslidzhennia media-sytuatsii na skhodi i pivdni Ukrainy: Luhans'ka oblast'.” Instytut masovoi informatsii, 18 March 2016, https://imi.org.ua/articles/doslidjennya-media-situatsiji-na-shodi-i-pivdni-ukrajini-luganska-oblast-i533. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

—. “Doslidzhennia sytuatsii v media pivdnia ta skhodu Ukrainy za sichen'-serpen' 2019 roku—Analitychnyi zvit.” Instytut masovoi informatsii, 24 Sept. 2019, https://imi.org.ua/monitorings/doslidzhennya-sytuatsiyi-v-media-pivdnya-ta-shodu-ukrayiny-za-sichen-serpen-2019-roku-analitychnyj-i29709. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Kambana. Donetskoe obshchestvo grekov im. F. Stambulzhi, 2014, http://donellas.ru/ru/page/kambana. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Krasovs'ka, Zoіa. “Khto vplyvaie na Donets'ki ZMI?” Instytut masovoi informatsii, 25 April 2017, https://imi.org.ua/articles/hto-vplivae-na-donetski-zmi-i156. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Kvale, Steinar, and Svend Brinkmann. Interviews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing. Sage, 2009.

Lennon, Olena, and Gregory Adams. "All Is Quiet on the Russian Front: Ceasefires and the Pursuit of Legitimacy by Self-Proclaimed 'Republics' in Ukraine." Eurasian Geography and Economics, vol. 60, no. 6, 2019, pp. 656–83. DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2019.1645032.

Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. “Elections without Democracy: The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy, vol. 13, no. 2, 2002, pp. 51–65. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2002.0026.

Lipman, Maria. “Russia’s Nongovernmental Media under Assault.” Demokratizatsiya, vol. 22, no. 2, 2014, pp. 179–90.

Lipman, Masha, and Michael McFaul. “‘Managed Democracy’ in Russia.” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, vol. 6, no. 3, 2001, pp. 116–27. DOI: 10.1177/108118001129172260

LNR. “Zakon o sredstvakh massovoi informatsii.” Narodnyi Sovet LNR, 2014, https://nslnr.su/zakonodatelstvo/normativno-pravovaya-baza/906/.

Manaev, Oleg. “Media in Post-Soviet Belarus: Between Democratization and Reinforcing Authoritarianism.” Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, vol. 22, no. 2, 2014, pp. 207–29.

Maréchal, Nathalie. “Networked Authoritarianism and the Geopolitics of Information: Understanding Russian Internet Policy.” Media and Communication, vol. 5, no. 1, 2017, pp. 29–41. DOI:10.17645/mac.v5i1.808

Ministerstvo informatsii DNR. “Igor' Antipov pozdravil zhurnalistov s professional'nym prazdnikom.” Ministerstvo informatsii DNR, 2018, http://mininfodnr.ru/igor-antipov-pozdravil-zhurnalistov-s-professionalnym-prazdnikom/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

—. “Podvedomstvennye predpriiatiia.” Ministerstvo informatsii DNR, 2019, http://mininfodnr.ru/podvedomstvennye-predpriyatiya/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

—. “Soiuz zhurnalistov DNR skorbit v sviazi s gibel'iu Aleksandra Zakharchenko.” Ministerstvo informatsii DNR, 2018, http://mininfodnr.ru/soyuz-zhurnalistov-dnr-skorbit-v-svyazi-s-gibelyu-aleksandra-zaharchenko/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Ministerstvo sviazi i massovykh kommunikatsii LNR. “Podvedomstvennye predpriiatiia.” Ministerstvo sviazi i massovykh kommunikatsii LNR, 2019, https://mslnr.su/gup.html. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Mitrokhin, Nikolay. “Infiltration, Instruction, Invasion: Russia’s War in the Donbass 1.” Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, vol. 1, no. 1, 2015, pp. 219–39.

Mostova, Iuliia, et al. “Test na sumisnist'.” Dzerkalo tyzhnya, 9 Nov. 2019, https://zn.ua/ukr/internal/test-na-sumisnist-329032_.html. Accessed 21 June 2022.

Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. “Freedom without Impartiality. The Vicious Circle of Media Capture.” Media Transformations in the Post-Communist World: Eastern Europe’s Tortured Path to Change, edited by Peter Gross and Karol Jakubowicz, Lexington Books, 2013, pp. 33–49.

Munteanu, Nicoleta Annemarie. “Consideration on Mass-Media in Transnistria.” Studia Securitatis, vol. 2, no. 2, 2017, pp. 134–47.

Narodnyi Sovet LNR. “Iurov Iurii Pavlovich.” Narodnyi Sovet LNR, 2017, https://nslnr.su/about/deputati/508/. Accessed [provide last access date]

Oates, Sarah. “The Neo-Soviet Model of the Media.” Europe - Asia Studies, vol. 59, no. 8, 2007, pp. 1279–97. DOI: 10.1080/09668130701655150

OHCHR. Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine: 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018, OHCHR 2018, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ReportUkraineNov2017-Feb2018_EN.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2022.

—. Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine: 16 May to 15 August 2019. OHCHR, 2019. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ReportUkraine16May-15Aug2019_EN.pdf.

Ostini, Jennifer, and Anthony Y. H. Ostini. “Beyond the Four Theories of the Press: A New Model of National Media Systems.” Mass Communication and Society, vol. 5, no. 1, 2002, pp. 41–56. DOI: 10.1207/s15327825mcs0501_4.

Pochta Donbassa. “Katalog zarubezhnykh periodicheskikh izdanii na 1-e polugodie 2020 goda.” Pochta Donbassa, 2019, https://postdonbass.com/katalog-zarubezhnyh-periodicheskih-izdaniy-na-pervoe-polugodie-2020-elektronnaya-versiya. Accessed 14 Oct. 2020.

—. “Respublikanskii katalog periodicheskikh pechatnykh izdanii 2020.” Pochta Donbassa, 2019, https://postdonbass.com/respublikanskiy-katalog-periodicheskih-pechatnyh-izdaniy-2020. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Pochta LNR. “Katalog periodicheskikh izdanii RF 2019 god. (2-e polugodie).” Pochta LNR, 2019, https://pochta-lnr.ru/uslugi/podpiska/?active=toRs. Accessed 14 Oct. 2020.

Pochta Rossii. Podpiska Onlain. 2019, https://podpiska.pochta.ru/alphabet/А. Accessed [provide last access date]

Qu, Sandy Q., and John Dumay. “The Qualitative Research Interview.” Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, vol. 8, no. 3, 2011, pp. 238–64. DOI: 10.1108/11766091111162070

Respublika Abkhaziia. “Zakon o sredstvakh massovoi informatsii Respubliki Abkhaziia).” Prezident Respubliki Abkhaziia, 2015, http://presidentofabkhazia.org/upload/iblock/f18/O-sredstvakh-massovoy-informatsii-Respubliki-Abkhaziya.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Rovenki Media. 2020, http://rovenkismi.com.ua/news.php. Accessed 14 Oct. 2020.

Rozkladai, Ihor. “Suspil'ne movlennia Ukrainy: Problema zabezpechennia finansovoi nezalezhnosti.” Tsentr demokratii ta verkhovenstva prava, 31 Jan. 2019, https://cedem.org.ua/analytics/suspilne-movlennya-ukrayiny-problema-zabezpechennya-finansovoyi-nezalezhnosti/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Sadekov, A., and V. Bradov. Upravlenie predpriiatiiami pechatnykh SMI: Marketingovyi podkhod. Donetskii gosudarstvennyi universitet ekonomiki i torgovli im. M. Tugan-Baranovskogo, 2006.

Siebert, Fred, et al. Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do. Illinois UP, 1956.

Steshin, Dmitrii. “Ukrainu prodali pod shumok epidemii koronavirusa.” Komsomol'skaia pravda, 31 March 2020, https://www.donetsk.kp.ru/daily/27111/4188311/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

The Research Council of Norway. "Ukrainian Geopolitical Fault-line Cities: Urban Identities, Geopolitics and Urban Policy." The Research Council of Norway, 2020, https://prosjektbanken.forskningsradet.no/en/project/FORISS/287267?Kilde=FORISS&distribution=Ar&chart=bar&calcType=funding&Sprak=no&sortBy=date&sortOrder=desc&resultCount=30&offset=30&ProgAkt.3=TJENESTER-Helse-+og+omsorgstjenester. Accessed 7 Sept. 2022.

Toal, Gerard, and John O’Loughlin. “‘Why Did MH17 Crash?’: Blame Attribution, Television News and Public Opinion in Southeastern Ukraine, Crimea and the de Facto States of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria.” Geopolitics, vol. 23, no. 4, Oct. 2018, pp. 882–916. DOI:10.1080/14650045.2017.1364238.

Verkhovnyi Sovet PMR. “Zakon PMR o sredstvakh massovoi informatsii.” Verkhovnyi Sovet PMR, 2007, http://vspmr.org/legislation/laws/zakonodateljnie-akti-pridnestrovskoy-moldavskoy-respubliki-v-sfere-obrazovaniya-kuljturi-sporta-molodejnoy-politiki-sredstv-massovoy-informatsii-a-takje-v-sfere-realizatsii-politicheskih-prav-i-svobod-grajdan/zakon-pridne. Accessed 20 Oct. 2020.

Vialkova, Iryna. Presa Donets'koi oblasti periodu nezalezhnosti Ukraïny (1991–2012 rr.): problematyka, typolohiia. Mariupol's'kyi derzhavnyi universytet, 2017.

Volochevskii, Dmitrii. “Donbass mozhet stat' poligonom dlia ispytaniia infektsii, proizvedennykh v amerikanskikh biolaboratoriiakh na Ukraine.” Komsomol'skaia pravda, 17 April 2020, https://www.donetsk.kp.ru/daily/27119/4200503/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Voronova, Liudmila. “Conflict As a Point of No Return: Immigrant and Internally Displaced Journalists in Ukraine.” European Journal of Cultural Studies, vol. 23, no. 5, 2020, pp. 817–35. DOI: 10.1177/1367549419869351

Zeveleva, Olga. “Towards a Bourdieusian Sociology of Self-Censorship: What We Can Learn from Journalists Adapting to Rapid Political Change in Crimea after 2014.” European Journal of Communication, vol. 35, no. 1, Feb. 2020, pp. 46–59. DOI: 10.1177/0267323119897798

Zots, Nataliia. “Nova forma hibrydnoi viiny: imitatsiia informatsiinoho oporu.” Detector Media, 28 Nov. 2018, https://detector.media/infospace/article/142933/2018-11-28-nova-forma-gibridnoi-viini-imitatsiya-informatsiinogo-oporu/. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

Zveagintsev, Sergei. “Transnistria’s Media in Times of Change.” Media Forward, no. 5, Aug. 2018, pp. 1–6, https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/7-Transnistria_Media_Change_ENGLISH.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.

##submission.downloads##

Опубліковано

2023-03-20

Номер

Розділ

Articles